Plato, Sir Francis Bacon, and Albert Camus What is...

Knowledge, that certain indescribable thing that everyone thinks they have a little bit of, is an elusive concept that nearly every philosopher from ancient Greece to the modern day has given at least a nod to. How, after all, can we know that we are right in something if we dont know what knowing is? This question, and the sometimes futile attempt to answer it, is called epistemology. More specifically, it is the study of how we know and what that knowledge actually is. Is knowledge objective, subjective, something else, or even possible? In ancient Greece, a group of men who came to be known as the Sophists sold their â€Å"knowledge† without ever believing absolute knowledge was possible. According to them, the only things that could†¦show more content†¦This knowledge and development of kings doesnt come easily in Platos world. It is an ordeal, a journey, and a painful path that one must undertake with various points of confusion and many reasons to turn back instead of pushing ahead. That journey itself is, to me, what comes across as the reality of the message behind â€Å"The Allegory† and possibly the reality of reality itself. The journey begins the same for everyone; they live â€Å"in an underground den. . . and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them† (Plato 1). Everything that I experience comes to me only through the senses and my opinions of what those senses are. If I see shadows I give them meaning and call that knowledge, if I hear sounds I give them authors and call that knowledge, and if I speak with m y neighbor and share our knowledge, we become wiser. This form of life might not be perfect, but for many its comfort, its safe, and its all they know. But what if, Plato says, the prisoners are set free? Just like learning something new for the first time, the prisoners would be troubled and pained as they stand and walk for, possibly, the first time ever (Plato 2), but this isShow MoreRelatedhistory of philosophy5031 Words   |  21 Pagesthe study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include (but are not limited to): How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historical eras be understood even today? All cultures — be they  prehistoric,  medieval, or  modern;  Eastern,  Western,  religious  or  secular  Ã¢â‚¬â€ have had their own unique schools

The Three Branches Of Government - 1139 Words

When the founders were creating the Constitution for the new nation they wanted to keep the freedoms of the United States but wanted to have a strong government. They thought the best way to get a strong government but to keep the people’s rights were to create the three branches of government. The three branches of government are Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branch. Legislative makes laws, Executive enforces the laws, and the Judicial branch explains the laws. Know we will key on the Legislative Branch. How did the Legislative Branch come to be? The Legislative Branch was founded on March 4, 1789. We got the idea of the Legislative Branch from British Parliament. It is a bicameral legislature, bicameral means two. The founding†¦show more content†¦In this process a bill is drafted, then it is introduced in the house. The Speaker of the House sends the bill to a committee, the committee decides to make changes to the bill or kill it. If the bill gets sent on, it gets sent to the Senate. In the senate it is sent to another committee and if majority vote for it, the bill will go to the whole Senate. The bill gets debated and amendments add, if needed, and then sent back to the House. Any changes made and House doesn’t agree it goes to a committee to find compromises. After the compromise it goes to the President. If the President vetoes the bill, â…” majority of the House can override the veto. Some of the important people in the legislative branch is the Speaker of the House, President of the Senate, and the Senate Majority. The Speaker is the head of the House, they preside over the Majority Leader. As the Speaker is the highest in the House, they hardly vote or participate in debates. The president of the Senate is the vice president. The vice president presides over the Senate and votes only if there is a tie in the senate. Also, if the president were to die or become unable of being the president, the vice president takes over. Another important member in Congress is the Majority Leader, they are just under the Speaker of the House. The Majority Leader makes sure that no one in a party votes from something the party is against, or doesn’t agree with. These are some of theShow MoreRelatedThree Branches of Government1117 Words   |  5 PagesThree Branches of the Federal Government In May 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states, Rhode Island declined, met in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, but what occurred was the writing of the U.S. Constitution. George Washington was unanimously elected as President of the Convention. 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The executive branch is headedRead MoreThree branches of government1113 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ ABSTRACT The components of the constitution are the framework for our country, and all function to give our government structure. The judicial, legislative, and executive branches are all key components that make up our government, acting independently from the others, and allowing for checks and balances in order to prevent misuse of power. Federalism affects how our government is run, and especially the criminal justice system. Within our criminal justice system the main components are lawRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Branches of Government In the beginning the United States was based upon the Articles of Confederation where the national government consisted of only one legislative body. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government had very limited powers and because of that problems began to emerge. States were now conducting their own foreign trade negotiations, printing their own money, and organizing their own armed forces violating the national law. Because of this a groupRead MoreThe Three Branches Of The Government1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of the Government The Government has three branches for law making. When a law is being created, it starts at the Legislative, and then gets passed to the Executive branch, then to the Judicial branch. Each branch has their own area of the law that they look at. In the end, it is decided if the law will be issued to the people. When the law is being created, it starts at the Legislative branch. In the branch, Congress is made up of two houses, the Senate and the House of RepresentativesRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pages The Three Branches of Government In 1787 the leaders of the united states gathered to write the constitution which they also divided into three branches to ensure a central government in which no group or individual gains too much control. The three branches consists on the following Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Legislative branch rejects or confirms presidential appointments, and also has the authority to declareRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Federal Government1290 Words   |  6 Pagesordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The Constitution is the framework of our government, containing seven articles. The first three describe the three branches of Federal government which are legislative, judicial, and executive. The second three outline the rights and responsibilities of state governments and in relation to the Federal government. Lastly, the seventh article establishes the procedure used by the thir teen states to ratify it. These powerful wordsRead MoreEssay on Three Branches of Government725 Words   |  3 Pages Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1 Branches of Government Create a flowchart of the three branches of government and associate two (2) Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) clauses for each branch of government. Designate the relationships among the governmental branches. In an accompanying document, exemplify the types of powers of each branch of government and include these items: * Taxing and spending powers * Limits on both federal

Comparison of Epidemiological Study Designs

Question: Discuss about theComparison of Epidemiological Study Designs. Answer: Introduction A study design follows a specific protocol and methodology to reach specific interpretations to confirm hypothetical concepts into operational ones. Study design are framed keeping in mind the specific requirements, limitation and desired outcomes of the study. Several qualifying criteria are assessed before a design is implemented to conduct a study. Epidemiological studies are quantitative studies that identify relations between exposures and outcomes of a particular disease. Achieving this goal with least error is the indicator of an efficient Study Design. Epidemiology is the branch of Medical Science that deals with the study of causes, incidence, distribution and measures to control a disease in a defined population. Three key terms are of utmost relevance in this regard: Exposures, Outcomes and Cofounders (Fletcher et al., 2012). The researcher identifies the exposures and cofounders and analyses the consequent outcomes of a disease, to reach to relevant conclusion, often aime d at proposing a preventive measure. Several classifications of epidemiological studies are possible depending on specific factors. The one most extensively used is based on the role and control of the researcher over the study parameters (Szklo Nieto, 2012). In Observational Studies, the researcher has least control over the study situation; he/she merely studies the trend and etiology of a disease. Experimental studies are designed to apply a certain level of intervention to the affected population and observe the consequent results. This essay aims to compare and evaluate various features of two such epidemiological study designs: one Experimental and one Observational utilised in two different research studies on chronic diseases. Observational epidemiological studies are conducted to determine, if any, the association between adverse health-related issues and certain potential causative factors. It aims to describe the occurrence of a disease by time, place and person. Observational studies have several classifications including Cohort, Case-control, Cross-sectional and Routine Data-based studies (Robertson, 1998). In Cohort studies a cohort or fixed population is selected, which is exposed to a certain factor, and then the whole population is studied. Subjects with and without a specific disease is identified and prior exposure to risk factors are analysed in Case-control studies. In Cross-sectional studies a set of individuals are selected from a predefined population and information is collected at a particular time to assess both exposures and outcomes. In Experimental Epidemiological Studies, the researcher intervenes with the treatment of the disease to study the effect of doing so. Experimental designs include Controlled and Uncontrolled Trials. Controlled Trials consist of a control group, which does not experience any intervention for comparison with the intervention group. Uncontrolled Trials do not have such control groups. The allocation of different study subjects to the control and the intervention group are done by random sampling to avoid any kind of bias on part of the investigator or the researcher. Interventional Studies can be Clinical trials as well as Filed trials. A clinical trial evaluates different treatment methods of a disease or a condition and is generally conducted in a medical set-up. Field trials are conducted in a specific location or community to assess risk factors in reducing the incidence of a disease. Selection of a suitable study design is completely dependent on the discrete objectives and purpose of the study. There are specific advantages and disadvantages associated with the different study designs, which is essential during the selection proce dure. Two studies on chronic diseases that are selected to serve the purpose of this essay are Additive effects of glycaemia and blood pressure exposure on risk of complications in type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study (UKPDS 75) (Stratton eta al., 2006) and Nutrition intervention is beneficial in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy to the gastrointestinal or head and neck are(Isenring, Capra Bauer, 2004). The first of the two chosen studies is an Observational Epidemiological Study conducted on 5,102 subjects in UK who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The authors aim to measure the effects of glycaemia and systolic blood pressure exposure on the incidence of type 2 diabetes complications. Patients in the age group of 25 to 65 years of age who are newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and fasting plasma glucose level of 6.0 mmol/l were selected. Patients with severe vascular disease, a myocardial infarction or stroke or any other major systemic disease were excluded from the study group. The study tries to assess if there is any additive or individual relation between type 2 Diabetes complication and a prior history of hypertension and hyperglycaemia in the selected patient group. The Type 2 diabetes has been an epidemic and controlling the post disease complications has been an absolute necessary presently. Controlling the glycaemic levels of patients by specific interventions has bee n a topic of extensive study in order to manage the complications generally related to the chronic disease. Interventions to control the glucose levels of patients close to nondiabetic levels have shown to have beneficial effects (Nathan et al., 2009). Studies also clearly state the relation between type 2 diabetes complications and hypertension and obesity (Colosia, Palencia Khan, 2013). The study qualifies as a cross sectional study as the authors observes and collects data from a selected group in the population over a particular time period to assess both the exposures and the outcomes of the disease. The authors aimed to find whether the number of patients who eventually developed some kind of type 2 diabetic complication had lower or higher values of blood glucose level and systolic blood pressure. Hence, the selected study design is apt for conducting this study. The study results show independent as well as additive association between hypertension and hyperglycaemia. The a uthors conclude that the incidence of type 2 diabetes related complications could be effectively avoided by controlling the two risk factors viz. hypertension and hyperglycemia. The study results and interpretations have significant clinical implications. The second study chosen is an Experimental Epidemiological Study that aims to evaluate the effect of nutritional interventions in outpatients who are undergoing radiotherapy to their GI tract or neck and head region. The authors aimed at comparing the impact of nutritional intervention on the selected population of patients by comparing the intervention group with a control group, which received usual care. The population of outpatients, which fulfilled the exclusion criteria of at least 20 fractions of radiotherapy, were grouped by random sampling. Hence, the study can be classified as a Controlled Clinical Trial. Different parameters like body weight, body composition, nutritional status, quality of life and physical function were measured for both the groups. Patients undertaking radiotherapy are found to bear various side effects. Radiotherapy on the head and neck region often causes dryness of mouth and consequently may reduce oral intake of food, resulting in loss of body weigh t (Vissink et al., 2003). GI tract radiotherapy may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea leading to nutritional insufficiency. Although nutritional support has been recommended to reduce physiological side effects of radiotherapy but very few studies addressed the issue. This provides the rationale for conducting the study and utilising the mentioned study design. The study concludes that there was significant improvement in the intervention group in terms of reducing weight loss, deterioration in nutritional status, quality of life and physical function of the concerned patients. The study results are relevant for practical application. Patients undergoing radiotherapy of GI tract and head and neck region, who are at risk of malnutrition, should be provided with sufficient nutritional intervention during as well as post radiotherapy sessions. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of studies that have been employed in the mentioned studies, as in every study designs or models. Cross-sectional observational epidemiological studies are advantageous in a sense that they address both the outcomes and exposures of a disease for long durations of time. It can provide relevant background information about the disease impact on a population or community and formulate health care services accordingly. On the contrary, common disadvantages are that it cannot indicate a cause-effect relationship of a disease and quantify a risk factor. Short duration disease may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies. it is best applied for chronic long duration disease like hypertension, diabetes, cancer and so on and so forth. Experimental Epidemiological studies that include clinical trials provide strong evidence of the effects of interventions on a disease to support an already proposed hypothesis regarding the same issue. Here, the effects of intervention can be precisely measured as the intervention group results are compared to a control group results, outlaying significant difference between the two if any. The investigator has control over the environment of the study as opposed to observational studies. These types of studies can infer about the safety and effectiveness of a treatment or intervention procedure. Randomized sampling of the population while dividing the same into intervention and control groups evades any possibility of bias in the study results and consequently incorrect interpretation. Conversely, large trials may reduce the quality of statistical analysis tools and long-term follow up of the subjects. Possible ethical considerations need to be addressed before conducting clinical trials. In conclusion, the studies chosen to compare the two different study designs successfully meet the objectives and have practical significance. The rationale behind choosing the particular study designs was sound and effective in reaching their goals. References Borrell, C., Rodrguez, M., Ferrando, J., Brugal, M. T., Pasarn, M. I., Martnez, V., Plasncia, A. (2002). Role of individual and contextual effects in injury mortality: new evidence from small area analysis. Injury prevention, 8(4), 297-302. Colosia, A. D., Palencia, R., Khan, S. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies: a systematic literature review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 6(1), 327-38. Fletcher, R. H., Fletcher, S. W., Fletcher, G. S. (2012).Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Isenring, E. A., Capra, S., Bauer, J. D. (2004). Nutrition intervention is beneficial in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy to the gastrointestinal or head and neck area. British journal of cancer, 91(3), 447-452. Lindstrm, J., Louheranta, A., Mannelin, M., Rastas, M., Salminen, V., Eriksson, J., ... Tuomilehto, J. (2003). The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diab Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Ferrannini, E., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., Zinman, B. (2009). Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care, 32(1), 193-203. Robertson, I. (1998, July). Epidemiological study designs'. In Epidemiology workshop for equine research workers (pp. 11-22). Stratton, I. M., Cull, C. A., Adler, A. I., Matthews, D. R., Neil, H. A. W., Holman, R. R. (2006). Additive effects of glycaemia and blood pressure exposure on risk of complications in type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study (UKPDS 75). Diabetologia, 49(8), 1761-1769. Szklo, M., Nieto, J. (2012).Epidemiology. Jones Bartlett Publishers Vissink, A., Jansma, J., Spijkervet, F. K. L., Burlage, F. R., Coppes, R. P. (2003). Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology Medicine, 14(3), 199-212.

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer Essay Example For Students

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer Essay The Two Voices of The SeafarerThere is much argument in the literary field as to whether there is more than one speaker in the Old English poem The Seafarer. In this brief essay we will look at some of the previous criticisms of the last two centuries, and through them attempt to prove that the speaker of the poem is the same one throughout. The author of The Seafarer is unknown. Its manuscript is untitled and unique, and is thought to have been inscribed around 975 AD. It survives on four pages of the Exeter Anthology which was given to the Exeter Cathedral in England, by the Archbishop Leofric, who died in 1072 AD. The Seafarer is a poem about an Anglo-Saxon man who, having apparently been banished from his home, has taken to the sea. John Pope, one of the foremost critics of the poem, postulated, and it is now generally accepted, that it is composed of three parts. Part A1, covering lines 1 through 33a, is believed to be the story of an inexperienced young sailor who tells of his hardships at sea. Part A2, lines 33b to 64a or 66a, and part B, 64b or 66b through 124, is told by an eager young sailor who loves the sea. An epilogue is usually believed to be contained in lines 103 through 124 (Pope, 177). Jove Pope’s greatest critical adversary, Stanley Greenfield, believed that A1 is details a voyage the speaker w as forced to undergo, and that the purpose of A2 is to emphasize the speakers choice to undertake a current journey (Greenfield, 107). The poem begins by telling us of how the young seafarer has â€Å"often suffered times of hardship / and have experienced / bitter anxiety.† He is journeying into a world of loneliness and a destiny away from his comitatus, his meadhall, and his lord. At times he despises his life at sea: â€Å"Oppressed by cold my feet were bound by frost / In icy bonds, while worries simmered hot / About my heart, and hunger from within / Tore the sea-weary spirit† (The Seafarer, Line 8). At others, he celebrates it: â€Å"Even now my heart / Journeys beyond its confines, and my thoughts / Over the sea, across the whales domain, / Travel afar the regions of the earth, / And then come back to me with greed and longing. / The cuckoo cries, incites the eager breast / On to the whale’s roads irresistibly, / Over the wide expanses of the sea,† (The Seafarer, Line 58). In Anglo-Saxon society a warrior believed in lof: he received glory by his valor in battle; his accomplishments in life. If his deeds were sufficiently notable his name would live on long after he died, granting him immortality. The Seafarer believes that â€Å"Sickness, old age, the sword, each one of these/ May end the lives of doomed and transient men. / Therefore for every warrior the best / Memorial is the praise of living men † (The Seafarer, Line 68). Halfway through the poem we see a drastic turn. Part A has mentioned almost nothing spiritual, only speaking of the hard life of a man who lives at sea. In the beginning of part B, in line 64b, however, he changes his thus far Anglo-Saxon tone to that of a pious Christian: â€Å"Because the joys of God mean more to me / Than this dead transitory life on land.†The conversion of Anglo-Saxon England was relatively quick. It went from a culture which had a comitatus conscience to one that was dominated by an individual, Christian conscience. Even during his musings on God, the speaker still laments â€Å"The singing gull instead of mead in hall† (The Seafarer, 23), the loss of â€Å"dear friends,† (The Seafarer, 15), and the lord he once had. At times it seems like the poet is attempting to reconcile the tensions between the two different cultures. .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .postImageUrl , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:hover , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:visited , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:active { border:0!important; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:active , .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488 .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec0d70cb448585fa1f969795fef4e488:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History 111- Causes Of The Civil War Essay We will write a custom essay on The Two Voices Of The Seafarer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In one of the first know criticisms of the poem, Max Rieger in 1869 postulated that the poem is of one writer and speaks of a dialogue between two individuals; an eager young sailor and an older more cautious one (Rieger, 313). He believed that the poem is an example of the collision of Christianity with the Anglo-Saxon folktale tradition. Friedrich Kluge later speculated that the poem is actually two speeches, and that the entirety of part B, having apparently no correlation to the first, was the later addition of a â€Å"mediocre homilist† (Kluge, 322). C. C. Ferrell, in agreement with Kluge, believed that the poem was essentially pagan in sentiment, but since Christian monks were usually the transcribers of these early poems, he believed that the Christian scribe who copied it down made additions. The most notable of which is the homiletic ending (Ferrell, 402). The first to attack the theory of multiple voices was William Lawrence in 1902. Lawrence believed that the poem i s completely of one speaker. In his very influential article he examines the monologue theory which would prevail to the present day. Lawrence considers the poem the lyric utterance of one man (Lawrence, 462). Earlier critics, Lawrence claims, had divided the poem because of the interpretation of the word for?on (The Seafarer, 33b) which connects the speakers description of his suffering at sea and his desire to return to his seafaring. The word for?on had previously been translated as because, which suggests that the seafarer wishes to return to the sea because of his suffering there. From this apparent contradiction, the earlier critics had concluded that these were two different poems. Lawrence argues that for?on does not necessarily need to be interpreted as because, and suggests that the seafarer’s past suffering does not necessarily contradict his present longing. Another interesting theory comes from Gustav Ehrismann in 1909. Ehrissmann postulates, in agreement with Lawrence , that there is only one speaker, but that lines 1 through 64a are meant to be read as an allegory. He believed that the seafarer’s journey is symbolic of man’s state of â€Å"exile† due to Original Sin (Ehrissman, 213). O. S. Anderson later agreed with Ehrissmann`s theory on the allegorical nature of lines 1 through 64a, but that the rest of the poem had been a later addition (Anderson, 17). In 1950 Dorothy Whitelock greatly affected the literary criticism movement of The Seafarer. Whitelock volunteered the â€Å"Peregrinus Theory.† This theory utilizes the fact that â€Å"wandering ascetics† were common in Anglo-Saxon England at the time of the poem. Using this reasoning, she explains that The Seafarer is actually a unified monologue of one man (Whitelock, 261). She believes that the man in the poem has voluntarily abandoned society for the love of God, and is preaching the love of God over the love of society. I. L. Gordon later denounced Whitelock?s theory on the basis that the tone of the poem is â€Å"cold and desperate† compared with the â€Å"warmth† of other works that deal with the asceticism of the time (Gordon, 1). We believe that the speaker is meant to represent one speaker partially because of its subtle movement from part A to part B. There is a gradual transformation on the part of the speaker from a godless, embittered young seafarer, to a more experienced seafarer with a strong faith in God. The major difficulty in proving that there is only one speaker occurs between the descriptive first 64 lines, and the homiletic conclusion (Campbell, 235). A. P. Campbell attributed this to the theory of Anglo-Saxon â€Å"wanderlust.† He claims that the first 33 lines describe the seafarers suffering at the sea, as contrasted with the comfortable life of the townsman. There is a sense of mystery about his choice to roam the seas. He says the word â€Å"cunnian† (The Seafarer, 35b) contains a sense of exploring or trying out, which does not coincide with a penitential journey, but reflects the speakers excitement for travel. It exemplifies the Anglo-Saxon fascination with strange lands. Lines 39 through 49, that many previous critics had argued were pessimistic, he says, can be attributed to the hardship that everyone at the time would have had to suffer while at sea. Campbell argues that the reference to the cuckoo, a migratory bird, and its mournful call (The Seafarer, 53a), along with the coming of spring, emphasizes the speakers growing wanderlust. Using this line of thought, the controversial lines 55 through 64 can be thought to merely depict the speakers imaginative journey of the lands he will one day travel to. His wanderlust causes the speaker obvious discomfort, which leads him to the conclusion that he would rather have the joys of God mean more to me / than this dead transitory life (The Seafarer, 64). At this point the speaker realizes that the basis of his wanderlust is the desire to find his home in heaven. .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .postImageUrl , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:hover , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:visited , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:active { border:0!important; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:active , .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b2ce13da241175c5985bc034b735c2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism and the family EssayThe Seafarer is one of the most written about poems in the English language. As we have seen there are many arguments for the case of one speaker, and many against it. This point will almost certainly never be agreed upon, but we believe that the speaker is the same one throughout. English Essays

Stock and Company Essays

Stock and Company Essays Stock and Company Essay Stock and Company Essay Stock Valuation at Ragan, Inc Nautilus Marine Enginees negative EPS wer the result of an accouting write off last year. Without the write-off, EPS for the company would have been 1. 97. Last year, Ragan had an EPS of 5. 08 and paid a dividend to Carrington and Genevieve of 320,000 each. The company also had a return on equity of 25 percent. Larissa tells Dan that required return for Ragan of 20 percent is appropriate. 1 . Assuming the company continues its current growth rate, what is the value per share of the companys stock? Solution: The total dividend paid by the company was $640,000. Since there are 150,000 shares utstanding, The total earnings for the company were: Total earnings = = $762,000 This means the payout ratio was: payout ratio = = 0. 84 So, the retention ratio was: Retention ratio = 1 . 84 = 0. 16 Using the retention ratio, the companys growth rate is: ROE b = . 04 or Now we can value the company using the entire dividend payment. The total value of the companys equity under these assumptions is: Total equity value = Dl / (R g) Total equity value = / (. 20 . 04) Total equity value = So, the value per share is: value per share = / 150,000 Value per share = $27. 73 Total equity value = $4,160,000

Consumer Law Essay Example

Consumer Law Essay Example Consumer Law Essay Consumer Law Essay Essay Topic: Law The most useful dictionary definition of a consumer is someone who buys goods and services for personal use or need (Chambers 21st Century Dictionary). All consumer transactions are based on the law of contract. The consumer agrees to purchase goods or services and the seller in return provide those goods or services. Every exchange of goods is an agreement between the buyer and seller thus making them based on the law of contact. The major act that supports and assists consumers is the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA), as amended by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002. The Sale of Goods Act covers transactions where goods are transferred for monetary consideration, called the price(Nutshells p. 1). In the course of this essay I will be looking at the relevant Acts in order to establish how the law seeks to protect the consumer. In the light of the question, by looking at the useful dictionary definition and the definition provided by the relevant statutes, which states that a consumer is a natural person entering into a contract with another in the course of business we can see that Lil clearly fits the definition of a consumer by meeting both the definitions set out. In order to proceed we must now define the seller and what it means to be in the course of business. This phrase can be used in both civil and criminal law and the courts in relation have tried to keep the meaning same across both sections, RB Customs Brokers Co Ltd v. united Dominion Trust Ltd (a civil case) which followed the guidance in Davies v. Summer (a criminal case). In relation to our scenario as the goods, which in this case is the shoes, are transferred for a monetary consideration, the sale is governed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Under this Act the implied terms set out by S. 14 only apply when the goods are sold in the course of business with the transaction being an integral part of the business, with some degree of regularity and in the nature of trade and carried out with a view to making a profit, this can be seen in the case of Stevenson v. Rogers (1999). This section does not cover any private sales and there is an exception where the sale is carried out as a hobby, with no significant profit being made. In the light of our scenario we can clearly name Tuffstuff as the seller and acting in the course of business because the goods (shoes) where sold within the store where transaction is an integral part of their business. There is a degree of regularity because they are constantly in the course of business selling shoes thus being in the nature of trade with a view to making profit from their sales. Now that I have identified the parties to the valid contract I will be looking at the terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Sections 12,13,14 and 15 of this Act imply terms into contracts for the sale of goods. The essential issue here is whether the goods (shoes) where fit for their purpose. Section 14 (3) of the SGA 1979 states that the seller sells goods any particular purpose for which such goods are commonly supplied (P. 11 Unit Guide). By using and applying this rule to the facts of the case we can see that purpose of the goods are essential. This is to say whether or not the purpose is one for which such goods are commonly supplied and used for or one that the consumer has used it for. The purpose could be made known by implication where the purposes of the goods in question are obvious, e. . a hot water bottle in the case of Preist v. Last 1903 (Consumer Law P. 45). In relation to our case facts we do not know what kind of shop the consumer brought the shoes from or the type of shoes theyve brought in detail, we can only rely on the statement made by the shop manager which states that the shoes were not intended for use on rugged terrain. It is stated that consumers frequently buy one-purpose goods where no advice is taken from the seller regarding the goods because the purpose is implied being only one-purpose goods hence breaching S. 14 (2) and 14(3) if the goods are defective. In relation to multi-purpose goods the buyer is advised to ask as many questions as possible about the goods and what they can use it for in order to benefit under S. 14 (3). This can be seen in the case of Griffiths v. Peter Conway Ltd 1939 where the buyers skin condition was not communicated to the seller thus there was no breach of S. 14 (2) or S. 14 (3). If in cases such as this the buyer does not communicate what they intend to use the goods for, other then their normal purpose, then the extent of the sellers obligation is to ensure that the goods are fit for what their original purpose is for (Jewson Ltd v. Kelly 2003). In the light of our scenario we can see that the consumer used the shoes on a hill-walking holiday. The shoes are one-purpose goods and are not intended for specifically to be used on rugged terrain, as the retailer reasonably assumed. There was no communication between Lil and the seller prior to the sale regarding if the shoes could be used for hill-walking, if however Lil asked many questions and gathered information regarding the goods then she could have got the maximum benefit under S. 14 (3). Section. 14 SGA implies that goods must be of satisfactory quality. In order to advise Lil on her contractual rights it is vital to understand this section of the Act. To begin with, the topic here regards the quality and fitness of the product in concern. Section. 14 (2) states that Where the seller sells goods. supplied are of satisfactory quality. In order to move on we must understand what satisfactory quality means. Before 1994 the test was to see if the goods were of merchantable quality. This was later replaced by the test of satisfactory quality. The need for this change was highlighted in the case of Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (1987) (Consumer Law P. 45). The wording of the SGA 1979 was amended with the passing of SGA Amendment Act 1979 which now states that goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory (P. 11 Unit Guide) taking account of any description of the goods, the price and all other relevant circumstances (s. 14 (2a)). Also s. 14 (2b) states that quality of goods include their state or condition and 5 other points (A. Fitness for all commonly supplied, B. appearance and finish, C. freedom from minor defects, D. safety and E. durability (P. 11 Unit Guide)). In the light of our case points A, D and possibly E clearly apply as relevant and need to be considered because the other 2 quality points can be seen as fulfilled by the seller. The shoes purchased by the consumer were not durable and had fallen apart making them unwearable which could be unsafe for the consumer. The fact that the shoes were not durable could mea n they are not of satisfactory quality under the SGA 1979. The case of Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (1987) could be useful under the durability section. The question we need to ask is how long we expect new goods to last? From the Act this is hard to figure out because the definition states durability is a factor but does not give any further information so it is useful to look at the facts of each case in order to determine durability of new goods. In the Bernstein case Rougier J. held that the car brought was not merchantable quality because you would expect buying a new car the engine would not seize up after three weeks. In todays case the car would not be one of satisfactory quality. Before we come to a solid conclusion regarding Lils contractual rights and any remedies, which may exist, another issue raises. Terms in S. 13, 14 (2) and 14 (3) are all conditions. Their importance is vital as buyers are concerned because they can affect the remedies they can pursue. However S. 11 (4) of the SGA points out that where a contract of sale is not severable to be treated as a breach of warranty (Nutshells P. 14). The issue is whether there is evidence of acceptance of the goods, which affects the type of remedy the consumer, is entitled to claim. Sections 34 and 35 of the SGA administrate acceptance and S. 35 declare that acceptance can occur in three ways. 1) By intimation to the seller that is to say verbally notifying the seller that you accept the good 2) by an act after delivery inconsistent with the sellers ownership 3) via retention beyond a reasonable time (Consumer Law and Practice P. 110-12). In connection with our scenario the final method of acceptance (number 3) is decisive. The question we need to ask is when does the time start to run and what is considered to be reasonable? The fundamental case of Bernstein v Pamson Motors (1987) where it was held keeping the car in question for three weeks constituted to acceptance, which meant the consumer, was entitled to an equitable remedy only (Nutshells P. 15). However this case was seen not to be advantageous to consumers and the amendments mean that the law is now more in favour of the consumer. The Court of Appeal recently held that Bernstein was no longer good law. In the case of Clegg v. Olle Andersson (2003) the aim behind S. 5 (5) had been achieved and that the buyer could reject his yacht even after seven months (Consumer Law and Practice P. 113) Nevertheless having possession of goods beyond reasonable period of time still constitutes acceptance but reasonableness is a question of fact and the issue of having reasonable time to examine the goods must be considered. In relation to our scenario and the case facts the question we need to ask is whether Lils holiday is reasonable time for acceptance and reas onable time to examine the goods? The facts of the cases are very special in order to come to a conclusion. In tradition a problem like this is unlikely to arise because Lil will have a right of repair or replacement under the 2002 Regulations or, if this is not achievable, a suitable degree of reduction in the price she has paid. By looking at the case facts it could be said that Lil wore the shoes through out the holiday, even though clearly the shoes were not fit for the purpose of hill walking. This could be seen as her accepting the shoes. If after wearing the shoes Lil had realised that they were falling apart and not worn them again then she would argue that she has not accepted the goods and could reject the shoes. We have not been told how long the holiday has been for, and the fact that she has worn the shoes through out the hill-walking holiday till the end, I believe, constitutes to Lil accepting the goods. This is to say that the term under S. 14 (3) SGA is no longer a condition and is now to be treated as a warranty only. This is governed under S. 11 (4) SGA, which provides where a contract of sale is not severable and the buyer has accepted the goods the breach of any condition is to be treated as a warranty (Nutshells P. 14). Lil has accepted the goods so damages are the only remedy. The case of Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) and Sections 51 to 53 SGA set out the details of the kind of damages that Lil can claim. In cases such as this most retailers offer a replacement, but because in this case Tuffstuff no longer stock the same type of shoe, then the other remedy of repair will be available. She will be entitled to damages for breach of warranty for the product S. 53 SGA. In this case it will be the cost of putting the goods right and any inconvenience of not having the goods (distress) that it may have caused. Repair of the goods is therefore the most likely and logical outcome of this case. In connection to the alleged exclusion liability clause printed on the receipt the first point that needs to be considered is whether or not, by the common law rules, the clauses have been incorporated in the contract. First of all the type of document involved is important. In the case of Chapelton v. Barry UDC (1940) a receipt could not be expected to contain vitally important exclusion clauses and it was held that there was no incorporation. In the light of our scenario we can se that the exclusion of liability is printed on the reverse of the receipt, which was handed to Lil when she brought the shoes. Also from the facts we can see that reasonable steps werent taken to bring the notice before Lil prior to the contract is made. In the light of this argument the exclusion liability will not be incorporated into the contract. However we are not aware, from the case facts, what the exclusion liability is or how vitally important it is. If the exclusion liablilty appears to be incorporated into the contract, being not vitally important, then it will be governed by UCTA (Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977). The clause printed is trying to exclude liability. Any clause, which is trying to do this, with the effect of UCTA S. 6, will be deemed as void when the buyer is dealing as a consumer (P. 20-4 Unit Guide). The question now is whether Lil was dealing as a consumer? Again by S. 6 of UCTA a person deals as a consumer when s/he buys from someone acting in the course of business where the buyer holds himself or herself as just a private buyer and not acting in the course of a business. From the case we can clearly see that Lil is a consumer thus making the exclusion of liability void. In addition, Consumer Transactions Order 1976 states that, a trader can be guilty of a criminal offence where they exhibit a void exclusion clause in a notice, or in this case on a till receipt. Tuffstuff therefore could be guilty of a criminal offence. Overall because acceptance has occurred by Lil the condition by S. 11 (4) of the SGA becomes a warranty for which only the damages that I have set out above could be claimed.

Emergency Relief Activities in Pakistan Flood Affected Areas Essay

Emergency Relief Activities in Pakistan Flood Affected Areas - Essay Example The essay "Emergency Relief Activities in Flood Affected Areas of Pakistan" talks about the massive floods in the rainy season of August – September in Pakistan. Considering their appeal, we have planned to send a team of volunteers along with necessary supplies to Pakistan to assist in disaster relief activities there. The team will have doctors and paramedics with them and will carry medicine and relief goods. The team will carry more than 500 make – shift tents and houses to establish a small camp for 10,000 flood victims. Each tent will also have a water filtration plant designed by UNDP experts specifically for the flood-hit areas of Pakistan. A basic health unit will be established there which will provide treatment to more than 300 patients per day. A school for the elementary education of children will also be established with the help of local volunteers. The relief mission will provide the encampment of 10,000 people with food supplies bought from local market throughout the winter season. The mission will end its work in the flood-hit areas of February 2011 and will hand over the charge of the encampment to the Pakistan Security Forces which is already operating in the region for the relief work. The project is aimed at providing emergency relief to the homeless flood – affected people so that they can survive through the approaching winter season. The impact of this disaster is very widespread and covers a huge area around the largest river Indus, in Pakistan.... ants in the areas where fresh water supply has been cut off The impact of this disaster is very wide spread and covers a huge area around the largest river, the river Indus, in Pakistan. Hence a small area is selected for our relief activities. The city of Muzaffargarh and its adjoining areas in the southern part of the state of Punjab is one of the worst hit areas with more than 25 villages and towns being destroyed by flood waters. More than two million individuals are rendered homeless due to this devastation. Hence, we have decided to focus on this area. As mentioned earlier, Pakistan Security Forces are already operating in the region for the flood relief activities. They have assured security and logistics support to all the local and foreign volunteer teams involved there in relief activities. Relief camps have already been established by Security Forces. We have planned to join one of these camps and provide our services there. Coordination with the Red Cross society is under way for the volunteers for the team. The volunteers’ team will include the following persons/resources, Two doctors and three lady doctors Male and female paramedical staff, five each Helping staff both male and female, three each Small scale medical equipment Tents and food supplies for the volunteers team Cash for purchasing food from local market Packing material for the food supplies Portable tents and housing Medicine Small water filtration plants The deliverables for this disaster relief mission will be as follows, Establishment of a basic health unit Establishment of temporary shelter for 10000 individuals (500 camps approx.) Distribution of rations for the same individuals for a period of four months (winter season). Installation of 500 water filtration units in the same temporary